Criminal Penalties Against Environmental Pollution According to The Provision of The ALGERIAN Legislation

Authors

  • Kheira Abderahmene Saous Faculty of Law and Political Sciences - Tahri Mohamed University of Bechar Democratic People 's Republic of Algeria
  • Nora Yahia Sadani Faculty of Law and Political Sciences - Tahri Mohamed University of Bechar Democratic People 's Republic of Algeria

Keywords:

Sanction, environmental pollution, environment protection, penalty, law, environmental crime, imprisonment, custody, fine, seizure

Abstract

The Algerian legislator has taken into account environment protection and has enacted texts of penal law that criminalize different infringements of environmental rights to secure an efficient penal protection against different pollution forms. Criminal sanctions have been imposed as a repressive impact to guarantee commitment to legal texts preventing environment from environmental pollution crimes. These sanctions could be death penalties, custodial penalties, and financial penalties. Added to that, there could be complementary sanctions, such as seizing funds, sentence announcement, or infrastructure closer.  

References

(1) AL-AADLI Mahmoud ALI, Encyclopedia of Environmental Protection, Vol. 2, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Jamii, Alexandria, Undated, p. 5.
(2) AL-ALFI Adel Maher, Environment's Criminal Protection, Dar Al-Jamiaa Al-Jadida, Alexandria, 2009, p.20.
(3) ABDELJALIL ABDELWARETH Abduh, Protection of the Marine Environment against Pollution in Local and International Legislations, Al-Maktab Al-Jamiyi, Alexandria, 2006, p.6.
(4) Le Robert 1, Paris, 1991, p 1477.
(5) GEIPIN Allen, Dictionary of Environmental Terms, London, 1974, p 124.
See also AL-ALFI Adel Maher, op. cit., p.131.
(6) The Holy Quran, XXX, 41.
(7) ABDELJALIL ABDELWARETH Abduh, op. cit., p.32-33.
(8) RAGHEB AL-HILOU Majid, The Law of Environment Protection in the Light of Islamic Law, Dar Al-Jamiaa Al-Jadida, Alexandria, 2005, p.30.
(9) MAAOUADH Abdeltawab & MAAOUADH ABDELTAWAB Mustafa, Environmental Crimes Seen Legally and Technically, Manchaat Al-Maaref, Alexandria, 1986, p 10.
See also AL-ALFI Adel Maher, op. cit., p 133.
(10) AL-ALFI Adel Maher, op. cit., p.133.
(11) HAMCHA Noureddine. Criminal Protection for Environment: Comparative Study between Islamic Jurisprudence and Law, Master Thesis in Islamic Law and Law, Faculty of Social Sciences and Islamic Sciences, University of HadjLakhdar, Batna, Algeria, 2005/2006, p 28.
(12) RAZIF AL-MAKHADMI Abdelkader, Environmental Pollution: Present Risks and Future Challenges, OPU, Algiers, 2006, p 26.
(13) RAZIF AL-MAKHADMI Abdelkader, op. cit., p.27.
AL-ALFI Adel Maher, op. cit., p.138.
(14) RAZIF AL-MAKHADMI Abdelkader, op. cit., p.26.
AL-ALFI Adel Maher, op. cit., p.138.
(15) RAZIF AL-MAKHADMI Abdelkader, op. cit., p.26.
AL-ALFI Adel Maher, op. cit., p.139.
(16) HASSOUNA Abdelghani, Legal Protection for Environment in Sustainable Development, Doctoral Thesis in Law, Specialty of Business Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Biskra, Algeria, 2012/2013, p 25.
(17)RAZAI Souad, The Environmental Issue in Sustainable Development, Master Thesis in Management Sciences, Specialty of Currency and Finance, University of Ben youcef Ben Khedda, Algiers, Algeria, 2007/2008, p 32.
(18)ABDELLATIF ABBASSI Mustafa, Protecting Environment from Pollution, First Edition, Dar Al-Wafa, Alexandria, 2004, p. 26.
(19) AL-ALFI Adel Maher, op. cit., p.144.
(20) HASSOUNA Abdelghani, op. cit., p.25.
(21) BAMOUN Lokman, Moral Person Criminal Responsibility in Environmental Pollution Crimes, Master Thesis in Law, University of KasdiMerbah, Ouargla, Algeria, 2010/2011, p. 34.
(22) HASSOUNA Abdelghani,op. cit., p.26.
(23) Penalties have the following characteristics:
1- They are submitted to the legality principle according to article no1 of the Criminal Law which means that no penalty could be applied without a legal text expressing it.
2- They are limited in time: The judge has to indicate a starting date and an ending date.
3- Penalties are judicial decisions. This means that they are decided only by judges who belong to a competent judicial authority.
4- Penalties are de jure by essence; who commits a crime has to be punished.
5- Penalties are personal; they are applied only on individuals whose responsibility on committed crimes is confirmed.
6- Penalties are repressive; they aim at inhibiting individuals and group of people alike from doing wrong deeds.
See ABDELMONEM Suleiman, Principles of Penal and Criminal Sciences, Cairo, 2002, p. 66.
AHMED AWAD Bilal, General Theory of Criminal Penalty, Dar En-Nahda Al-Arabya, Cairo, p. 22.
AL-MAJALI NedhamTawfik, Explaining Criminal Law: General Section, Third Edition, Dar AL-THAQAFA, Jordan, 2010, p.412
(24)The articles no 2-4 of the Order no 156-66 dated 08 June 1966on the Criminal Law.
(25) The article no 5 of the aforementioned Order no 156-66.
(26)ABDERAZZAK AL-HADITIHI Fakhri& HAMIDI AL-ZOGHBY, Explaining Criminal Law: General Section, Dar Al-Thaqafa, Jordan, 2009, p. 328-338.
(27)SALEM AL-HAJ Sassi, Maintaining or Abolishing Death Penalty, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Jadid Al-Motahida, Libya, 2005, p. 17.
(28)MITTERMAIER, De la peine de mort, traduction françaisepar M. Leven, Paris, 1865, p 5.
(29)Article no 47 of the law no 11-01 on sea fishing and fish farming, dated 3 July 2001 published in the Official Journal, no 36 dated 8 July 2001.
(30)ADNAN AL-FIL Ali, Comparative Study of Arabic Criminal Legislations against Environmental Pollution Crimes, Al-Zarqa Review for Research and Human Studies, vol. 9, no 2, 2009, p. 112.
(31)TOUNSI Sabrina, Environmental Crime in the Light of the Algerian Law, Master Thesis in Law, Specialty of Urban and Environmental Law, Faculty of Law, University of Algiers 1, Algiers, 2013-2014, p. 14.
(32)Cf. the article no396/4 of the aforementioned Order no156-66.
(33)Cf.the Law no 19-01 on Waste Management, Control and Removal dated December 2001, published in the Official Journal no 77 dated 15 December 2001.
(34) Cf. the article no 5 of the aforementioned Order no156-66.
Cf. Magnol,Cour de droit criminel et de science pénitentiaire, Paris, 1947 n° 559, p 7.
(35) JAFAR HASSAN Nial,Criminal Responsibility of Moral Persons in Environmental Crimes, Master Thesis, Faculty of Law and Politics, University of Suleimanya, 2014, p. 91.
(36)MOHAMAD SEIF AL-HAKIM Abdessamad, Environmental Pollution Crimes, Comparative Study, First Edition, No location mentioned, 1998, p. 489-496.
(37) The article no 56 of the Law no 19-01 on Waste Management, Control and Removal stipulates that a fine ranging from five thousand to ten thousand is imposed on every moral or natural person practicing an industrial, commercial, artisan or any other activity, who throws or leaves household wastes or the like; or permits the use of a waste collection system put under his disposition by the competent authorities according to the article no32 of the same law. In the event of a repeatedinfringement, the penalty will be doubled.
(38) Cf. the articlesno 2-4 of the Law no 11-01 on Sea Fishing and Fish Farming dated 03 July 2001 published in the Official Journal no 36 dated 8 July 2001.
(39) Cf. the article no94 of the aforementioned Law no 10-03 on environment protection.
(40) Cf. the article no96 of the same law.
(41)VAN REMDORTERE F., La responsabilité pénale des personnes morales en droit de l’environnement, Rev. De pén. Crimin n° 4, Avril 1991, p. 367.
(42)SAOUS Kheira, Publications of the General Criminal Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Tahri Mohamed University of Bechar, 2013-2014, p. 67.
(43) The article no 89 on General Regulations of Forests dated 23 June 1984 published on the Official Journal no 26 dated 26 June 1984, stipulatesthat all infringements cases are punished by seizing forest products illegally gained.
(44) Cf. the article no 170 of the Law no 11-01on Sea Fishing and Fish Farming.
(45) Cf. the article no 18 of the Oder no156-66.
(46) ADNAN AL-FIL Ali, op. cit., p.110.
(47) Cf. the article no 18 of the Oder no156-66.
(48) BAMOUN Lokman, op. cit., p.148.

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Published

2017-12-15

Issue

Vol. 6 No. 2 (2017)

Section

Articles