استخدام سلاح اليورانيوم المنضب في القانون الدولي

المؤلفون

  • عقيلة هادي عيسى كلية الحقوق والدراسات الدولية والحكومية – جامعة اوتارا الماليزية
  • هارليدا عبد الوهاب كلية الحقوق والدراسات الدولية والحكومية – جامعة اوتارا الماليزية
  • نور انيتا عبد الله كلية الحقوق والدراسات الدولية والحكومية – جامعة اوتارا الماليزية

الكلمات المفتاحية:

القانون الدولي، سلاح، اليورانيوم المنضب

الملخص

لا توجد اتفاقية دولية تحظر صراحة استخدام سلاح اليورانيوم المنضب على الرغم من خصائصه التي تتسبب في الدمار الشامل. ولذلك، ينبغي توضيح مشروعية استخدام هذا السلاح في ضوء قواعد القانون الدولي. فإذا ثبت أنه سلاح غير قانوني، ينبغي توجيه التهم التقليدية الخاصة بالمسؤولية الجنائية الدولية ضد المستخدمين. هذا بدوره سيؤدي إلى وقف استخدام مثل هذه الأسلحة. وستجرى هذه الدراسة من خلال المنهج العقائدي. وسيتم جمع البيانات من خلال المصادر الثانوية عن طريق دراسة مساهمة الباحثون في مجال القانون. إن البحث الحالي سيحاول توضيح موقف القانون الدولي من استخدام سلاح اليورانيوم المنضب. وبالتالي إن لهذا البحث أهمية كبيرة بالنسبة للمجتمع الدولي الذي عليه أن يتخذ التدابير بشأن استخدام هذا السلاح في الحروب من أجل توفير الحماية للإنسان والبيئة فضلاً عن حفظ الأمن والسلام الدوليين .

المراجع

(1) Abdul Hadi, Abdul Aziz. Protection of the Environment from Industrial Waste in Light of the Provisions of National and Foreign and International Legislation. Cairo: Arabic Renaissance Publishing House, 1985.
(2) Abdullah, Resmiyah. “The Position of the International Law of the Use of Weapons that Carry Depleted Uranium.” Mustansiriya Arts Quarterly, no. 54 (2011): 140
(3) Nekheab, Adnan. “International Crimes Committed in the Gulf War.” the Legal Journal Science, no. 21(2006): 127-176..
Al-Attiyah, Issam. Public International Law. Baghdad: The Legal Library, 2008.. 4.
(4) AL-Gazi, Ahmad. “Effect of the Use of Radioactive Weapons on Human and Living Environment in Selected Areas of Southern Iraq.” Master′s thesis, University of Baghdad, 1998.
(5) Al-Zemmali, Amer. Introduction to International Humanitarian Law. Tunisia: The Arab Institute for Human Rights and the International Committee of the Red Cross, 1997..
(6)Al-Far, Abd ul Waheb. Interpretation of the Rules of International Treaties. Cairo: Arabic Renassance House, 1980
(7) Al-kerous, Omar. “The Use of Nuclear and Chemical Weapons and its Direct Impact on the Environment-Iraq Model.” Generation Scientific Research Center. http:// jilrc.com (accessed Febraury 1, 2015).
(8) Aroub, Hind. “Reality International, the Priority is not the Canons, and Peoples Necks Drwgihby the Logic of Force and Pants Interests: Iraq Model.” http://aljabriabed.net/n46-05hind.htm (accessed March 11, 2015).
(9) Banouna, Mohammed. International Law and the Use of Nuclear Energy. Cairo: the People's House, 1971.
(10) Beck,Louise. “International Humanitarian Law and the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons.” the International Journal of the Red Cross. http:ll icrc.org/ara/resource (accessed April 10, 2015).
(11)Bertell, Rosalie. “Gulf War Veterans and Depleted Uranium.” http://ccnr.org/du_hague.html (accessed October 16, 2015).
(12) Charter of the United Nations and the Statute of the International Court of Justice. New York: 1997.
(13)Depleted Uranium (DU): General Information and Toxicology. GOV.UK.https://gov.uk/guidance/depleted-uranium-du-general-information-and-toxicology (accessed November 10, 2015).
(14)Health Physics Society. “ Depleted Uranium” (February 2010): 1-3.http://hps.org/documents/dufactsheet.pdf (accessed November 16, 2015.
Lopez, Damacio. “The Case for an Immediate Ban on the Military Use of Depleted Uranium.20. "
(10June2003):19.file:///C:/Users/Aqilahlap/Downloads/archief_lopez_uranium_en%20(2).pdf (accessed 16 November, 2015)..
(15) Mohammed, Ahmed. “Comments on the Provisions of the International Judgeship for the Year 1986.” the Egyptian Journal of International Law, no. 42 (1986): 338-387..
(16)Muhammed, Hedil. “Eonmental Protection in International Humanitarian Law and its Application in Iraq.” Master′s thesis, University of Mustansiriyanvir, 2011.
(17)Maeda, Akira, Sayo Saruta and Koichi Inamori, “The Excessive Use of Weapons and Banned Weapons.” Information Clearing House. http://informationclearinghouse.info/article9322.htm(accessed October 16, 2015).
(18) Majzoub, Mohammed. The Mediator in the Public International Law. Beirut: University House, 1999.
(19)Mohammed, muammr. the Basel Convention and its Role in Protecting the Environment from Pollution by Hazardous Waste. Large Street: Legal Books House, 2008.
(20)Naaman, Hendrin.“The International Humanitarian Law and the Environmental Pollution in Iraq.” Master′s thesis, Arabic Academy in Denmark, 2011.
(21)Pax works to prohibit the use of weapons containing depleted uranium. Pax. http://paxforpeace.nl/our-work/programmes/depleted-uranium (accessed November 13, 2015).
(22) Salih, Meoloud. “The Relationship between International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law.” Master ′s Thesis, Open Arab Academy in Denmark, 2008.
(23) Shihab, Mufied. “General Principles of Law as A Source of International Law.” the Egyptian Journal of International Law, no. 23(1967): 1-21.
(24) UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities Resolution 1996/16. August 29, 96, E/CN. 4/SuB. 2/RES/1996/16.
(25) UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities Resolution 1997/36. August 28, 1997, E/CN. 4/SuB. 2/RES/1997/36.
(26) Uranium and Depleted Uranium. World Nuclear Association. http:/world-nuclear.org/info/nuclear-fuel-cycle/uranium resources / uranium-and-depleted-uranium / (accessed November 10, 2015).
(27) White, Rob.“State Crime and the Politics of Knowing.” Theoretical Criminology. 2008: 31–54. http: // academia. Edu /2308160/White_R._2008_Depleted_Uranium_State_Crime_and_the_Politics_of_Knowing._Theoretical_Criminology_12_1_31-54 (accessed November 16, 2015).
(28) World Health Organization. "Depleted Uranium: Sources, Exposure and Health Effects." (2001): 1-4. http: / / www. Who .int/ionizing_radiation/pub_meet/en/DU_Eng.pdf
(accessed November 17, 2015).
(29) The Hague Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land 1907. University of Minnesota/Human Rights Library. http://umn.edu/humanrts/arabic/subdc (accessed April 18, 2015).
(30) Al-Fatlawi, Suhail. International Criminal Law, War Crimes and Crimes of Aggression. Amman: House of the Culture for Publication and Distribution, 2011.

التنزيلات

منشور

2017-06-15

إصدار

القسم

المقالات

الأعمال الأكثر قراءة لنفس المؤلف/المؤلفين